About Us
GHB Intellect is a full-service intellectual property consulting and engineering services firm. With a growing cadre of hundreds of industry-seasoned experts & professionals, as well as access to full suites of design and testing equipment, we specialize in high-tech, science, and innovation.
GHB Intellect
6540 Lusk Blvd., Ste C259
San Diego, CA 92121
(858) 367-3642
info@GHBintellect.com
HOURS
Mo-Fr: 8:00am – 5:00pm
Sa-Su: Closed
Case Study: Patent Portfolio Quality Ranking and Analysis
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectPatent portfolio management strategy is an important factor in managing a firm’s intellectual property (IP) assets. In this case study, we discuss our patent portfolio strategy and analysis services and how it could potentially assist in streamlining and marketing a portfolio.
Taxation of Intellectual Property: Capital Gain or Ordinary Gain?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectTaxation of assets can have a substantial impact on how an individual or a business operates. Generally, all entities seek to minimize tax liability. Entities tend to acquire or offload assets at the end of the year to strategically manage the effect of taxes on their balance sheets. To this end, there are several aspects of the taxation of intellectual property (IP) that are worth taking into consideration.
Will IPRs Be Abolished?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectAn inter partes review (IPR) is an administrative proceeding conducted by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to review the patentability of one or more claims in a patent under the concepts of novelty and obviousness.
What is the Patent Prosecution Highway?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThe Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH) speeds up the examination process for corresponding applications that are filed in participating property offices.
GHB Intellect Founder Selected to IAM Strategy 300
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectEvery year, IAM Media creates an annual list of standouts in the intellectual property sector. For the fourth consecutive year, Dr. Ghobad Heidari, founder and president of GHB Intellect, was recently selected to the IAM Strategy 300.
How Much Should Startups Invest in Intellectual Property?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectStarting a new business can be intimidating, and there tends to be a lot of unanswered questions about intellectual property (IP). Startups need to be familiar with patents, trademarks, and copyrights, at a minimum. Startup owners often ask us “how much should we invest in intellectual property in our early stages?” Here’s our answer.
Impacts of COVID-19 Drug Research on Intellectual Property
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectShould the owners of drug patents release their IP to expand the research of drugs and vaccines to cure COVID-19? The answers vary, depending on the country and company. Learn more about IP and national emergencies, voluntary patent bundling, and how COVID-19 drug research has affected Intellectual property.
What are Product Teardowns?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectProduct teardown is a process where engineers disassemble every component of a product and identify each part of its hardware and/or software. Through this method, engineers can identify and analyze expenses, technology, utility, and areas for improvement. Learn more about the application of different types of product teardowns here.
Case Study: Patent Valuation of a Brewing Company
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectStrong patent portfolios are highly sought after. They establish a sense of confidence in creating high company valuation and providing leverage in certain transactions. In this case study, we provide an in-depth explanation of our services and market analyses to determine a fair market valuation of a brewing company.
Case Study: Fair Market Value of a CSP Supplier
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectA common question that many businesses face is establishing and verifying how much their patent portfolio is worth. There is a multitude of factors that may impact your patent valuation, from your predicted cash flow to comparisons with similar and local industries whose work may align with yours.
Job Post: Director, Sales Development | San Diego, CA
/0 Comments/in Job Postings /by GHB IntellectWe are gearing up for the next phase of our growth. As such, we are seeking a passionate and self-starting individual with experience in the IP industry, to join the company in a senior role to help us continue with our growth.
Job Post: Office Manager | San Diego, CA
/0 Comments/in Job Postings /by GHB IntellectWe are seeking an energetic and enthusiastic office manager to work with our management team in running the operation of the company. The ideal candidate will be detail-oriented, with a commitment to getting tasks done on time and with highest level of quality.
Can You Patent a Formula?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectInventors of methods and products look to patent law to protect their investments of money, time, intellect and use of mathematics. The exclusive right to use a patented product or process motivates innovation and progress. Generally, you cannot patent a mathematical formula itself.
2019 GHB Intellect Holiday Luncheon | San Diego, CA
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB Intellect2019 proved to be another great year for the team at GHB Intellect. We saw our project portfolio grow in both size and scope and included many projects in the areas of engineering, litigation support, mergers and acquisition advisory — and, of course, intellectual property development, management and monetization.
Job Post: Intellectual Property Project Manager | San Diego, CA
/0 Comments/in Job Postings /by GHB IntellectWe seek an IP (intellectual property) project manager with general knowledge of different fields of science and technology who can combine his knowledge with his communication skills to manage IP analysis projects using GHB Intellect’s team of high-tech experts and scientists.
Is Chinese IP Theft Still a Threat in 2020?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThe intellectual property theft of American enterprises by China is affecting the United States’ current trade relations with China. Chinese officials deny any such problem, while American business experts say the impact of this practice is alive and well – and costing American businesses billions as a result.
What is Intellectual Property?
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThere are many misconceptions about intellectual property. It includes copyright, patents, trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indications, trade secrets, and more.
Dr. Ghobad Heidari to Speak at 2019 Intellectual Property Law Conference
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectGHB Intellect president and founder, Dr. Ghobad Heidari, will be presenting at the 2019 Intellectual Property Law Conference in Las Vegas, NV. The presentation on patent valuation outlines the value patent valuation to intellectual property law, the many facets of patent valuation and the various applications of patent valuation.
What is Google Patents Search Guide
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectGoogle Patents was launched in December of 2006 designed as a digital library for patents. Since it’s creation, Google Patents has continued to update and expand the existing index of granted patents and published patent application. Patents now has over 87 million indexed patents and patent applications.
Technology in Stages
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectSeveral prominent technologists have recently spoken about how automation and artificial intelligence is rapidly displacing the workforce across the United States. They speak the truth. Thomas Friedman, a prominent journalist, discusses the stages of technology and how they have impacted and reshaped society throughout history.
DOCSIS 3.0 Set-Top-Box Tuner Architecture Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectRecreate the RF Local Oscillator architecture of the tuner using black-box testing.
Five Ways to Invalidate a Patent
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThe process of patent invalidation has become streamlined and is very commonly used in the US through the Inter Partes Review (IPR) procedure. IPR allows one to challenge the validity of a granted patent within the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Here are the 5 approaches a petitioner can take to challenge/invalidate the claim(s) of a patent in the US.
Dr. Ghobad Heidari Selected as Top 300 IP Strategist
/0 Comments/in Intellectual Property Consulting, News & Events /by GHB IntellectGHB Intellect founder and president, Ghobad Heidari, has been named by the IAM 300 as one of the world’s top IP value creators. IAM is the preeminent intellectual property business media platform and released the fourth edition of the IAM 300 in June of 2019. The unique listing features men and women who, through their strategic advice, are generating wealth for their clients from IP.
Top 10 Patent Analysis Techniques
/0 Comments/in Intellectual Property Consulting /by GHB IntellectIn the field of patent analysis, the traditional spreadsheet-based methodology is still a commonly used technique for analyzing data. New software-based analysis, mapping and visualization tools are shifting the approach to patent analysis. They can drastically improve the speed and quality of a patent analysis strategy.
Base Station Antennas Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectCharacterize the antenna array elements through measurements and simulations
Apple and Qualcomm Update– 5G Implications
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectIs Reverse Engineering Legal?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectReverse engineering is a precise form of product teardown that can be the basis for many intellectual property cases. The process can be applied to products, systems or components from mechanical assemblies to biological, chemical and organic matter. In IP, the legality of the reverse engineering process is a frequently debated subject.
Common Intangible Asset Valuation Methods
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectMeasuring a company to determine business asset valuation can include various aspects. One section typically includes a company’s intangible assets. Intangible assets lack physical property yet can provide competitive advantages. Examples of these intangible assets include trademarks, patents, copyrights, equities, securities, contracts and more.
Touchscreen Analysis Case Study Project
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectDetermine the structure and material of the touchscreens
Understanding Expert Witness Conflict of Interest
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectAlthough it is on the rare side, there are situations that may cause a dismissal of an expert witness due to conflict of interest. When in litigation, it is imperative to have subject matter experts with proper technical expertise, academic credentials, accomplishments, reliable background and personality match. Our litigation support will know when to alert opposing parties of a conflict or source proper expert witnesses.
LED Device Structure Case Study Project
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectTeardown the LED devices and determine their construct
Strategic Elements of Patent Portfolio Management
/0 Comments/in Intellectual Property Consulting, Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectWhat is the Purpose of Product Analysis?
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts, Intellectual Property Consulting /by GHB IntellectThe purpose of product analysis is to provide manufacturers with the deliverables necessary to understand and perfect the product. The analysis ensures that the product is market ready, reaches the intended target market and achieves the desired results.
Hearing Aid Case Study Project
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectPacket sniffing on communication between the devices and various smartphones
What are Common Law Trademark Rights?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectTrademarks were established to distinguish the sources of goods from on to the other. Federally registering your trademark with the USPTO will allow you to strengthen and protect your rights.
V2X Market Forecast: Opportunities, Competition and Policies
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectHow is V2X communication transforming the high-tech & transportation sectors? Vehicle to Everything (V2X) IP and R&D promises self driving cars, improved safety, environmental benefits and reduced congestion.
Stacked Chip Flexibility Testing Case Study Project
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectQualitatively show the flexibility of the chips.
Inside the Smartphone Teardown Process
/2 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectWhy would an engineer or manufacturer perform a smartphone teardown process? Product teardowns are essential to reverse engineering & benchmarking. We take a look at a recent iPhone X teardown and how this info may be used in IP Consulting.
GHB Intellect Announces the Opening of New IP Consulting Office in Dallas, TX
/0 Comments/in Press Release /by GHB IntellectGHB Intellect Announces the Opening of New IP Consulting Office in Dallas, TX to meet the growing needs of technology & science companies in Texas.
Sprint and Ericsson IoT Partnership
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectSprint and Ericsson have announced their plans to develop a virtualized core IoT (Internet of Things) network & operating system. How will this impact IoT intellectual property?
Stacked Chip Stress Testing Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectQuantitatively measure stress within the chips
Patent Infringement Examples
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectSimply owning a patent will not alert you of patent infringement, it is up to the patent holder to bring a patent infringement litigation case to the unauthorized party in federal district court. How can you protect yourself from patent infringement and how can you identify it once it’s taken place.
Wireless Docking Station Teardown Case Study Project
/1 Comment/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectDetermine/Estimate the architecture of the active antenna array technology used in the product.
A Guide to Finding the Right Regional Patent Offices & Trademark Resources
/2 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectView our guide on the numerous regional patent offices, resource centers, call-support lines, classes, and databases to help you through the patent process.
RF Module Amplifier Architectural Analysis and Simulation Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectDetermine if the Power Amplifier Module (PAM) uses Doherty combiner architecture and simulate its performance under dynamic loads
Patents 101
/2 Comments/in Blog Posts, Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectPatents grant the property rights to an invention. Applications are submitted to the United States Patent Office (USPTO) for a 20 year term. There are three types of patents namely, design, utility, and plant patents. The claims are the heart of a patent, in that they define the limits of exactly what the patent does, and does not, cover.
Processor Circuit Extraction and Analysis Case Study Project
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectDetermine if a certain type of circuit blocks is present in the product.
Breaking down the Sprint T-Mobile merger
/2 Comments/in Blog Posts, Intellectual Property Consulting /by GHB IntellectThe Sprint and T-Mobile merger is expected to be a major development in the rollout of 5G. Both parties are hopeful that the FCC will approve the merger citing increasing competition in the segment as well as the potential national GDP growth if the US can remain a mobile technology leader.
CPU-PCB Adhesion Analysis Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectAnalyze the interface between the copper layers and the insulator layers in the package PCB.
H.264 Players Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectDetermine if the products use certain optional features of the H.264 video codec standard.
LESI 2018 in San Diego, CA
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectGHB Intellect is looking forward to the 2018 Licensing Executives Society Inc. (LESI) Annual conference in downtown San Diego. The LESI 2018 6-day event will be taking place starting on April 28th 2018 at the Manchester Grand Hyatt hotel.
GHB Expert Insights on Broadcom / Qualcomm Deal
/2 Comments/in Blog Posts, Intellectual Property Consulting /by GHB IntellectWe approached our, various, highly experienced Subject Matter Experts to provide insight on Broadcom buying Qualcomm and what can be expected in the international race to 5G. Why the Broadcom Qualcomm merger failed? What our experts expect from Qualcomm and Broadcom moving forward.
Smartphone Video Decoder Case Study Project
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectConfirm the smartphone include an organic DASH client
Source Code Review Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectReview the system design documents and source code to determine what part of the contractual deliverables and system performance were incomplete.
IP Law: Prosecution, Litigation and Counseling
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts, Intellectual Property Consulting /by GHB IntellectIP prosecution involves pre-grant prosecution and negotiation with a patent office for the grant of a patent, while the post-grant prosecution relates to amendments and oppositions.
Wi-Fi WLAN Network Protocol Investigation Case Study
/0 Comments/in Case Studies /by GHB IntellectShow evidence of use of an essential patent claim regarding optional features of 802.11n/ac in the target devices
2017 Ends with a Celebration of 10 Years as IP Consultants
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectAs 2017 comes to a close, the team here at GHB Intellect has much to celebrate. First, it was a year that brought us growth from many directions. We expanded our service offerings and increased the number of experts on the team tremendously.
Wireless Technologies Changes & Challenges of Antenna Design
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts, Whitepapers /by GHB Intellect“Wireless” devices are so common in everyday life, that almost no one thinks of the literal meaning as “not needing wires.” The devices we now carry around with us would be useless if they had to be connected like a land line phone.
IIPLA 2017 | 2nd Annual Meeting Silicon Valley
/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectAnnual Meeting of International Intellectual Property Law Association, Inc. (IIPLA) is the leading event in the West USA. Attended by hundreds of participants from more than 30 countries.
In October 2017, representatives of world’s biggest companies (including Microsoft, Uber, Blackberry, EPO etc.) will come to share their experiences at IIPLA Annual Meeting. They will be joined by global media, people from leading law firms, IP Experts, Owners and Investors for 2 days of acclaimed networking.
GHB Intellect Celebrates 10 Years of IP Consulting!
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectThe midway point of 2017 signifies a major milestone for GHB Intellect, having now provided 10 years of patent and IP services to our clients. This anniversary not only celebrates the growth of our intellectual property firm, but also the hard work and dedication of the entire GHB Intellect team.
Importance of IP and Patents – Patent Portfolio Valuations
/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThe following is an excerpt from the published article entitled Patent Portfolio Valuations – Importance of IP and Patents by IP Watchdog. The featured article was written by GHB Intellect’s Chief Strategy Officer and valuation expert, Dr. Masoud Vakili.
GHB Intellect’s Founder Recognized as Top 300 IP Strategist
/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectIntellectual Asset Management Magazine has selected GHB Intellect founder, Dr. Ghobad Heidari, to the 2017 IAM Strategy 300 – The World’s Leading IP Strategists. According to IAM Magazine, this annual list is comprised of specialists who “in developing and rolling out world-class IP value creation programs.”
IEEE SECON 2017
/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectAt this event, Dr. Ghobad Heidari, will moderate a panel of experts as they discuss 5G and New Communication Technologies. In this panel discussion, five distinguished wireless industry veterans present their views on the wireless industry and shed light on the challenges we will be facing to achieve expected goals.
IP Market Development
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectIP market development is the abstraction of value. To learn more about valuations please read about the Intellectual Property Valuation Services we offer.
IIPLA Webinar: Patent Portfolio Valuation Fundamentals
/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectIn this webinar, Dr. Masoud Vakili, a world-leading figure in patent portfolio valuation who has been involved in patent transactions worth hundreds of millions of dollars, will give a comprehensive account of different patent portfolio valuation methods and their applications.
Does Your Litigation Support Plan Include Daubert Standard Rules?
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThe Daubert standard provides a rule of evidence regarding the admissibility of expert witness testimony during a United States federal legal proceeding. The rule of evidence, also known as the law of evidence, covers the principles that govern the proof of facts in a case.
Designing to Evolving 4G & Pre-5G Requirements- DesignCon 2017
/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThis tutorial, presented at DesignCon 2017, provides a critical look at the potential opportunities for 4G & pre-5G technology. Slides from the presentation are available here for free download. Additionally, a recap of the presentation can also be found.
Is 5G Here Yet?
/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectIt has become a regular topic of conversation for many people in the tech industry; “What are your thoughts on the approaching 5G transition?” There are many aspects to consider when approaching this question. GHB Intellect answers this question using a practical understanding of 4G and 5G Radio Access Networks (RAN).
LTE EPC Technology White Paper
/2 Comments/in Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectThe following LTE EPC Technology White Paper describes Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and is part five of a 5-part Summary of our 3GPP Core Technologies series. You can also download and print them by clicking below.
Smart Cars Will Speed Up IoT Innovation
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectWe will be discussing several aspects of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the article below. First, we will provide a brief summary of IoT. Then, we will discuss how the technology market, patent trends, and government interventions will continue to influence it. The changes to the automotive industry will also be further examined to show why it will remain a segment leader in innovation for connected-devices.
LTE Mission Critical Technology White Paper
/3 Comments/in Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectThe following LTE Mission Critical Technology White Paper describes Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Mission Critical Services and is part four of a 5-part Summary of our 3GPP Core Technologies series. You can also download and print them by clicking below.
Choosing a Patent Expert Witness – Infographic
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectIn a complex legal and engineering world, it can be difficult to understand how an intellectual property consulting firm fits into the broader scope of portfolio analysis, reverse engineering, and other needed expert work. The following infographic will help explain “How GHB Intellect Chooses Experts.”
Protect Your Consulting Experts
/2 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectIn many, if not most, IP cases the utilization of both consulting experts and testifying experts is common. One key difference between the two is the ability for the opposing counsel to depose a testifying witness while the work of consulting experts is generally protected as part of work-product privilege.
LTE V2X Technology White Paper
/4 Comments/in Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectThe following LTE V2X Technology White Paper describes Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) and is part three of a 5-part Summary of our 3GPP Core Technologies series. You can also download and print them by clicking below.
How to Find an Expert Witness
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectWhen handling cases involving these complex IP issues, often in regards to technology, the choice of a knowledgeable expert can be critical to determining the relevant facts of a case and interpretation of those facts. A combination of external legal counsel and a company’s in house resources is necessary to determine what type of expert will be needed as well as creating criteria for the selection of a qualified expert from the desired field.
LTE ProSe Technology White Paper
/1 Comment/in Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectThe following LTE ProSe Technology White Paper describes Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Direct and Proximity Services (ProSe) and is part two of a 5-part Summary of our 3GPP Core Technologies series. You can also download and print them by clicking below.
Biotechnology Experts go High-Tech with Medical Devices for the Paralyzed
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectPrimarily, biotechnology is any technology based on living organisms. This may be harnessing molecular and cellular processes, or creating technologies and medical devices that replicate these processes in order to improve our lives.
LTE IMS Technology White Paper
/1 Comment/in Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectThe following LTE IMS Technology White Paper describes Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and IP Multimedia Subsystems (IMS) and is part one of a 5-part Summary of our 3GPP Core Technologies series. You can also download and print them by clicking below.
What is Big Data and Machine Learning
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThere is a lot of talk in the industry about how big data is shaping the future of business and everyday life, but what is big data and what does machine learning have to do with it?
LTE GCS Technology White Paper
/2 Comments/in Whitepapers /by GHB IntellectThe following LTE GCS Technology White Paper describes Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and Group Communication Services (GCS) and is part one of a 5-part Summary of our 3GPP Core Technologies series. You can also download and print them by clicking below.
Patent Trolls and NPEs
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectGHB Intellect is keen on keeping abreast of the latest and the greatest in the intellectual property (IP) industry and the needs of the IP professionals from all perspectives. We strive to stay current and objective in order to provide unbiased, invaluable service to our clients.
Explosive Evolution of Wireless Technologies
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectWireless communications has come a long way from its early days, evolving at an exponential speed.
One of the more rapidly evolving wireless technologies is mobile communication. It was only in the 1980’s that the first analog cellular phone networks (AMPS, in the US) was commerically deployed.
GHB Intellect Rolls out its New Website
/0 Comments/in News & Events /by GHB IntellectIt is our pleasure to introduce our new and improved website. We hope that the new design and the additional content present sufficiently interesting reading for all who visit our site.
Hardware Reverse Engineering
/1 Comment/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectAs the term implies, reverse engineering (RE) is the act of taking apart an engineered or designed product or device back to its elemental engineering/design components. The motivation for such an act may be varied anywhere from competitive analysis and patent infringement detection to legacy design recovery.
Expert Witness Services – Infographic
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectThe following Infographic has been created by GHB Intellect to answer the question “Do I Need An Expert Witness?” Additionally, a background and several key questions that need to be answered when determining what an expert witness has the ability to do and how to select the right expert for your needs are also identified.
Why are Prior Art Searches so Inconsistent
/0 Comments/in Blog Posts /by GHB IntellectIf you have ever dealt with professional prior art searchers for high technology/science, you know that you can never be sure what report quality you are going to get at the end of the project. Of course, you commission the search because you do not have the prior art information you are looking for.